Authors:
- Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Impact: Center Against Human Trafficking and Sexual Violence in Conflict - ResearchGate

- Eefje de Volder, Impact: Center Against Human Trafficking and Sexual Violence in Conflict - ResearchGate

- Rina Ghafoerkhan: Google Scholar

- Willem Scholte: Academia.edu, ResearchGate

Abstract: »In its 2018 report on conflict-related sexual violence the UN Secretary-General reiterated the importance of addressing the nexus between conflict-related sexual violence and trafficking in human beings for purposes of sexual exploitation in conflict. In this article we will explore this nexus from a psychological and a legal point of view. During conflict the climate of impunity and the extremecontrast between the mighty and the powerless offers an optimal setting and inevitable ground for sexual violence. In general, but in particular during conflict, being victimized by sexual violence once can put individuals at risk for similar or other forms of sexual re-victimization. For the victim who endured sexual violence, context hardly matters for its psychological impact. Therefore, in accordance with the UN Secretary-General report, from a psychological view there is no justification for a clear-cut distinction between conflict-related sexual violence and trafficking in human beings for purposes of sexual exploitation in conflict. Yet, from a legal perspective, this differentiation does matter: the legal definitions form the basis for the prosecution of perpetrators on the one hand and for access to particular rights for victims on the other. This article should be seen as a first exploration into the nexus between both crimes, when it comes to the impact on the lives of the victims/survivors, the definition of the crimes, and the resulting access to rights for victims/survivors of these crimes.« (Source: Journal of Trafficking and Human Exploitation)

Contents:

	Abstract (p. 9)
	1. Introduction (p. 10)
	2. The Story of Blessing (p. 11)
	3. Dynamics of Sexual Violence in Conflict (p. 13)
		3.1. The setting and interplay between actors involved in or victimized by CRSV (p. 13)
		3.2. Sexual Revictimization (p. 14)
		3.3. Victims’ Psychological Strategies (p. 15)
	4. The Experience of Sexual Violence (p. 15)
		4.1. Fear (p. 16)
		4.2. Shame (p. 18)
		4.3. Disgust (p. 19)
		4.4. Identity (p. 19)
		4.5. Physical Problems and Mental Health Disorders (p. 20)
		4.6. Contextual Factors (p. 20)
	5. The Scope of the Legal Definitions of CRSV and THB (p. 21)
		5.1. Where Does the Nexus between CRSV and THB Begin? (p. 21)
		5.2. Where Does the Nexus between CRSV and THB End? (p. 26)
	6. Sexual Violence, Legal Labelling and their Impact on Wellbeing (p. 27)
		6.1. Recognition (p. 27)
		6.2. Labeling of the Crime (legal definitions) and access to rights (p. 28)
		6.3. The importance of (legally) labeling the crime for victims? (p. 29)
	7. Concluding Remarks and the Way Forward (p. 30)
	References (p. 31)

Wikipedia: History of Africa: History of Nigeria / Fourth Nigerian Republic | Sex and the law: Sexual violence / Wartime sexual violence | War: Civil wars in Nigeria / Boko Haram insurgency